Reconstruction Essay - 908 Words

Reconstruction was the time between 1863 and 1877 when the U.S. focused on abolishing slavery, destroying the Confederacy, and reconstructing the nation and the Constitution and is also the general history of the post-Civil War era in the U.S. between 1865 and 1877. Under Abraham Lincoln, presidential reconstruction began in each state as soon as federal troops controlled most of the state. The usual ending date is 1877, when the Compromise of 1877 saw the collapse of the last Republican state governments in the South Reconstruction opened many doors for its newly freed African American citizens. One the many doors, were those of political office. Though these doors opened for blacks in a variety of places, the social origins of†¦show more content†¦He was the first African American to serve in the United States Senate and because he preceded any African American in the House, he was the first African American in the U.S. Congress as well. He represented Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during Reconstruction. As of 2008, Revels is one of only five African Americans ever to have served in the United States Senate. Revels was born free in Fayetteville, North Carolina, of a free father of mixed white and black ancestry, and a white mother of Scottish heritage. A black woman tutored him for his early education. At the time, the state legislature elected US senators. Revels was elected by a vote of 81 to 15 in the Mississippi State Senate to finish the term of one of the states two seats in the US Senate left vacant since the Civil War. He served on both the Committee on Education and Labor and the Committee on the District of Columbia. Much of the Senates attention focused on Reconstruction issues. While Radical Republicans called for continued punishment of ex-Confederates, Revels argued for amnesty and a restoration of full citizenship, provided they swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. Joseph Hayne Rainey was born in Georgetown, South Carolina, on June 31, 1832. His parents were both slaves, but his father, Edward, had a successful business as a barber, enabling him to purchase his familys freedom shortly after Joseph Raineys birth. Rainey was the first AfricanShow MoreRelatedCrime Scene Reconstruction1438 Words   |  6 PagesKristin Waters Crime Scene Reconstruction ENC 1102-154 Reconstructing a crime scene takes a lot of effort from experienced law enforcement, medical examiners, and criminalists. All of these professionals give unique perspectives to develop a crime-scene reconstruction. Forensic scientists also play a vital role in helping to reconstruct the crime scene. They use the crime-scene reconstruction to show events that occurred prior to, during, and after a crime was committed. (Saferstein, 2009) Read MoreReconstruction Of Reconstruction And Reconstruction1031 Words   |  5 PagesReconstruction what is it?What does it mean to reconstruct? 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Learning Style for Student Nurses - 1522 Words

In this essay I will be discussing the importance of understanding learning styles for student nurses. I will also be focusing on the learning cycle and learning style using the Honey and Mumford 80 questionnaire. I look into the details of how learning style helps students to understand the importance of recognising one’s learning style preference. I will also provide an understanding of learning and learning theories and discuss my own dominant learning style and how I aim to deal with my weaknesses to progress well in the nursing programme. Learning is defined as a permanent change in attitude or behaviour that occurs as a result of repeated experience (Sims Sims, 1995). Understanding one’s learning style has many advantages as it†¦show more content†¦The behaviourist approach, used by Pavlov and Skinner (1927 and 1952 cited in Gould, 2009), established that learning is change in behaviour brought about by experience. Studies and research have proven that we can voluntarily and involuntary respond to certain stimuli, and what we have learnt from previous experience. Such associative behaviour can condition our response to our way of learning and shape our learning style (Yildirim Ozkahraman, 2011). Once we have recognised the most predominant learning style we are able to work out how to strengthen the weaker learning style and enhance the dominant. Cottrell (2013) stated that discovering which learning style is best for us can help our learning in the most effective way. There are four stages to the learning cycle, which are included in the four distinct learning styles. The first stage is ‘having an experience’ reactively, which allows the experience to come to us without making much effort to seek it, in contrast to proactively whereby we seek out the experience. The second stage is reviewing or reflecting on the experience. Reflecting on experience is vital and it plays an important role in learning. The third stage is concluding from the experience and lastly planning the next steps to enable the learner to have an action plan for what is required to be done (Honey and Mumford 2006). There is a strong connection between learning style and learningShow MoreRelatedLearning Styles and Student Nurses1240 Words   |  5 PagesLearning can be defined as the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through experience, independent or collaborative study, and teachings under guided instruction (Fisher Frey, 2008). 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Customer Knowledge Management Social Media †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Customer Knowledge Management Social Media. Answer: Introduction This report describes the supply strategy of Starbucks. Starbucks is a famous chain of espresso stores built up in Seattle in 1971. Along with coffee, Starbucks provide hot and cold coffee which can be prepared to a consumer order, for instance, the brand Frappuccino liquid refreshment with different kinds of taste and syrups. This study describes and evaluates an issue with the supply strategy in the Starbucks Company. The study applies a relevant model theory such as Procurement life cycle model to reduce the problems identified in the Starbucks supply strategy. The report also recommends strategic plans which enable Starbucks to improve its procurement in order to become more competitive in the business. The main aim of this report is to seek to consistently enhance procurement execution of Starbucks and ensure procurement activities are integrated and to ensure that purchases are attempted through open and all around competitors. The evaluation of issues in the supply strategy of Starbucks enable the business to determine the opportunities for working with other organizations, both in public sector or private sector, in order to generate more cost-effective, creative and sustainable procurement choices for the business. According to Hong and Kwon (2012), Starbucks is a worldwide caf situated in Seattle, the United States of America. Starbucks is the greatest cafe organization on the world, with 20891 stores in 62 nations. The identity of Starbucks is in itself an incredibly brand which is famous as a coffee store. It is incredibly check mindful, with a web based systems administration nearness that traverses the world. The supply strategy of Starbucks operates and arranges multiple international distribution centers basically with the whole control in United States, Europe and in Asia. The supply strategy for Starbucks uses easy one simple scorecard method to examine its supply chain viably. Starbucks assesses the security in operations, timely advancement and demand fill rates, a sum of complete inventory and stock network price and undertaking save stores. Starbucks see normally useful that is long term provider organization as the way to its future advancement and accomplishment. Manageability is at the focal point of Starbuck's sourcing practices (Lee et al., 2014). Starbucks has strict supplier screening rules keeping in mind the end goal to ensure that each provider is as per the organization's reasonable, green and compelling approach to manage business operations. There are some issues also present in the supply strategy of Starbucks which are described are as follows: Higher wage payment: According to Lo and Power (2010), the increases in prices of the end product have pushed the company due to the higher cost of raw material and work. It is battled that an extension in the federal minimum wage will unfavorably influence the company and its formally thin edges, especially at approved stores. Starbucks already pays compensation significantly higher than the stipulated minimum and is prominent as workers decision. Increase the prices of coffee beans: Coffee costs, after being in a slump for quite a while, have started rising afresh. According to Qi et al. (2011), the basic contributor towards the expansion in expenses of espresso beans is the dry season in Brazil and Vietnam, the greatest creators of espresso beans. Further, the rise in demand for coffee has prompted a diminishment in the stock levels of coffee for the past twelve consecutive quarters. As a result, the company saw a spike in the cost of the commodity. Since, coffee is the major raw material used a climb in the coffee beans costs, combined with the supply shortage, is probably going to influence Starbucks margins adversely. Customers Have More Choices and are increasingly more demanding: Consumers are demanding more prominent assortments of high-quality, cost-effective items with accessibility over numerous channels (Christopher, 2016). They are focused on comfort, dependability, easily available, and anticipate their chosen supplier cater their demands over different channels. There is a significant gap, however between what customer needs from the company and the abilities Starbucks possess today, start with the less-than-streamlined supply chain. Information technology methods: The emerging significance of Starbucks is driving a requirement for more adaptable, understanding technology and frameworks. Starbucks must create new methods in order to serve their customers but are often encumbered with supply chain not intended for these new items delivery channels (Hugos, 2011). Discrete and disconnected legitimate methods do not often lend company to seamlessly supporting the complete end-to-end customer involvement which is an objective of Starbucks. On the other side, there is the evaluation of the above issues in the supply strategy of Starbucks, which enables the company to overcome this issues and challenges and perform at their best in the market which are explained as follows (Parmigiani et al., 2011)s. Improving the complex: The initial step of the changing arrangement is to distinguish Starbuck's inventory network system organization and drew in taking a difficult course of action and simplifying it with the goal that each activity could be categorized as one of the four major production network capacities, such as design, source, make and convey. For the instance, the significance of the past experience is the accompanying principles and directions in an essential way. For instance, anybody drew in with intending to be it creation arranging, energizing, or new item presented was set in the arranging gathering. Sourcing practices were assembled into two zones that are espresso and non-espresso acquisition. According to Awaysheh and Klassen (2010), all assembling regardless of whether done in-house or by get a creator was appointed to the make down to sensible unit. With everything taken into account, all staff working in transportation, scattering, and customer advantage was decid ed to the pass on social occasion. After the stock system limits were redone, the diverse workplaces turned their respect for the second focus of the generation organize change which is lessening price and enhance effectiveness. As an important part of this attempt, the crediting pack wore down perceiving the cost drivers that were pushing up costs. The collecting bunch built up a more suitable model for passing on espresso seed to its preparing plants, with the objective of putting away in the zone where the item is sold. The advantages of that approach were rapidly evidently self-evident, regionalizing its coffee creation which enabled Starbucks to reduce its transportation expenses and lead times (Du et al., 2012). Single logistic method: According to Ross et al. (2015), the production of a single, general coordination framework was fundamental for Starbucks as a result of its essential store arrange. The company, everything considered, brings espresso beans from Latin America, Africa, and Asia to the United States and Europe in sea compartments. Starbucks runs five close-by stream centers in the United States, two are association had and the other three are worked by untouchable coordination affiliations. It also has two dispersing centers in Europe and two in Asia, that is altogether overseen by Third Party Logistics. Coffee is just a lone of different things held at these movement centers. They likewise handle differing things required by Starbucks' retail outlet's start and end from furniture to cappuccino mix. Depend on their zones, the stores are given by either the sweeping, neighborhood transport centers or by tinier stockrooms called central scattering centers (Johnsen et al., 2014). S tarbucks utilizes 33 such central spread concentrations in the United States, seven in the Asia and Pacific range, in Canada five, and in Europe three, at introduce, everything aside from one is worked by outsider coordination organizations. The coordination group also met with its outsider coordination organizations and investigated gainfulness and contract rates. To help the review technique, the gathering made step by step scorecards for measuring those vendors. Gaining company trust: According to Ivanov (2010), Starbucks begun its production chain change effort, it has lessened costs worldwide without managing administration transport. There is a considerable measure of certainty that company now are rotated around organization also, quality to give what Starbucks stores require and what Starbucks unmistakable business customer require. To manage that criticalness for development and to guarantee a future stream of limit into the affiliation, Starbucks starting at now started an activity to enroll top graduated class of store arrange direction programs. Alongside its enrolling program, the Company expects to give continuous training to its present laborers to empower them to also develop their store arrange data and aptitudes. Starbucks needs to guarantee to have thought pioneers. The mixture of newcomers will empower Starbucks to remain concentrated on its stock framework mission of passing on things with an unpredictable state of organiza tion and not any more insignificant conceivable price to its supplies in the United States and across the world (Yeh and Chuang, 2011). Application of Procurement life cycle model According to Dhillon (2013), procurement may be defined as the securing of products or services from any outer sources. The procurement cycle is the whole procedure from securing to delivery to installment. In other words, Administration in any company must esteem the specialty of grabbing products and organizations. The procurement cycle searches for after specific activities for seeing a need or needs of the association through the last progress of the respect of the thing or contract. Proper organization of open and corporate assets is crucial while managing this key approach, paying little heed to whether in strong or powerless monetary markets. Following a displayed well-ordered strategy will help organization viably finish its targets. Each organization that works business needs to purchase materials, for instance, raw materials, organizations and so on. The procurement cycle has pushed toward winding up some portion of the present profitable business operation. The association can get those materials as in-house creation or outside acquirement. The procurement cycle theory has been applied to Starbucks supply strategy which is explained as follows (Akintoye et al., 2012): Identify needs: According to Umeda et al. (2012), the business must aware about the new product requirements and needs of customers. The product might be one that should be reordered, or it might be another thing for the company. In other words, the first stage of procurement cycle process starts when a business has a requirement for a good or service. These products or service can be inside that is any materials required to maintain the business or outside materials that the business will in the long run offer. This stage additionally incorporates setting a financial plan. Starbucks must recognize the needs of customers so that they will able to create an innovative product for the consumers and enhance their customer base. Particular requirements: According to Nguyen (2016), the second stage of procurement cycle is to choose the suitable product which is fundamental for the company. A couple of ventures have measures with a specific end goal to have the recognized judgments. Part numbers help recognize these for a couple of associations. Diverse organizations have no point of reference. If not, at that point the business must pick the key thing by using identifiers, for example, shading or weight. Starbucks must identify the correct requirements of the customers and choose the particular product which fulfills the customer needs and wants (Hill et al., 2014). Examine supplier choices: Supplier selection is the main important stage in the procurement cycle procedure. This stage is all about sourcing potential sellers and deciding their capacity to give the best value and quality for company products or services. While the stage appears to be direct, it is essential to find sellers who not just convey an amazing product at an aggressive cost, however, who have a strong reputation. Preferably, the company would manufacture a commonly gainful relationship that can keep going long term, if necessary. Starbucks actively looking for assorted possessed organizations to buy from, and company establishes prosperous groups. Starbucks trust their Supplier Diversity Program which has been an awesome achievement, and the company is happy to report that the measure of business Starbucks lead with assorted providers develops each year (Lehmann, 2012). Cost and conditions: According to Goldsmith (2010), the business will examine exceptionally critical information to pick the best cost and terms for the thing. This will rely upon if the organization needs things quickly available things or particular materials. As a rule, the business will research three suppliers in advance it settles on an extreme conclusion. The price tag will be put forward in the Order. Unless generally given in the relevant Order, the value put forward in the Order incorporates all appropriate charges, obligations, levies, additional charges, and different sums assessable by any services specialist concerning the Products or Services. The price tag may not be adjusted or changed without the earlier composed understanding of Starbucks. Purchase order: According to Davila et al. (2012), the purchase order is utilized the formal contract used to purchase the item. The purchase order designs the esteem, judgments and terms and conditions of the item or advantage and some other additional commitments. In other words, a purchase order might be characterized a phase of acquisition cycle which is a formal requirement to a seller to supply certain materials or administrations under the particular conditions. A purchase order can be made with a reference or without reference to a purchaser request, an interest for reference, or another purchase order. Delivery: The purchase order must be conveyed, as a rule by fax, email, by and by, email or other electronic means. According to Smith et al. (2010), there is some specific movement procedure which is exhibited in the securing records. The beneficiary by then gets receipt of the buy arranges. The two social events keep a copy on file. This stage of procurement cycle relates to Starbucks as Company must comply with the additional demands regarding the delivery and shipment of products as set forth in Starbucks the Supplier Guidance. Expediting: Campaigns of the buy arrange addresses the convenience of the associations or materials passed on. It winds up being especially essential if there any shot that there are any deferrals. The issues much of the time noted join allocate, advancement times and work culmination (Chua and Banerjee, 2013). Receive and checking of Purchase: According to Flynn et al. (2010), once the sending organization passes on the product, the beneficiary perceives or, on the other hand rejects the things. Association of the things gives the relationship to pay for them. Bill of purchase Order: Three records must match when a receipt demands divide that is just the receipt, the tolerant document and the primary buy arrange. According to Monczka et al. (2015), the understanding of these reports gives attestation from both the beneficiary and supplier. Any assortments must be settled before the recipient pays the bill. When in doubt, portion is profited, check bank trades, credit letters or different sorts of electronic trades. Documentation maintenance: Because of audits, the association must keep up original and correct records. These consolidation purchase records to check any cost information and purchase asking for to avow ensure information. Purchase records reference future purchases too (Prajogo and Olhager, 2012). Strategic techniques recommended for Starbucks According to Tate et al. (2010), the major strategic plans which can be adopted by Starbucks in order to improve its procurement in the business with the aim to become more competitive in the market are explained as follows (Leung et al., 2014): Build up a governing inventory network board: An administering chamber's motivation is to provide guidance and enable change to stock framework strategy with the company's general system. The leading group of trustees' participation ought to merge the pioneers of the stock framework organization and furthermore corporate specialists, distinguishing strength unit executives, and other persuading company leaders. In a perfect world, the chamber should hold routinely coordinated get-togethers. In any case, paying little notice to the probability that it doesn't, its minor closeness will exhibit that stock structure affiliation has the endorsing and duty of senior authority. This strategic plan helps the Starbucks to remove the barriers to achievement that are present within the company. The council also offers a viable forum for cross-functional communication. This strategic plan gives Starbucks a dynamic overseeing committee makes an opportunity for specialty unit leaders to give the i nventory network administration authority with data in regards to future techniques and ventures. Legitimately adjust and staff the inventory network association: It can be hard to manage the stock structure work in a way that will help its sufficiency and pass on proportionate central focuses to the organization. A few affiliations are best served by embeddings equipped stock structure association specialists in different perceiving qualities units. For others, a more idea operation is extraordinary. An essential number of the dynamic associations we have worked with, regardless, have understood a crossbreed approach that solidifies a joined system to get simultaneousness with decentralized execution to overhaul benefit. This strategic plan involves placing procurement, logistics, contract administration, and demand planning activities to Starbucks in order to manage the supply strategy in a proper manner. Create innovative work for customers: Ideally in-class associations, by separating, managers understand that the system should empower them to better manage their supply chains. They make sense of how to use development to convey favorable information without playing out an alternate workaround to focus and see the data. They see the centrality of a persuading purchase to-pay process and have gotten frameworks and parts to get the best great conditions from development. Thus, this strategic plan helps Starbucks to choose the appropriate innovation and advancement that best fulfills the procedural requirements of the supply chain of Company and help the Company to increase its market share. Build up co-operation with main providers: Best-in-class affiliations work by and by with providers long after an arrangement has been settled upon. In the present situation, this is called provider relationship alliance. Regardless, that initiates one-way correspondence that is instigating the provider how to do it. Two-way correspondence, which requires both purchaser and merchant to generally deal with the relationship which is also initiating by organization. A similarly fitting term for this best practice may be affiliation together association, with pros from the two social affairs coordinating to enhance the buyer relationship. Starbucks can adopt this strategic plan to establish a viable alliance management plan with the major providers which involve: Involvement in collaborative strategy sourcing: Strategic sourcing is an establishment of successful creation arranges organization. Regardless, a helpful imperative sourcing action makes stunningly better results. Organization request for information and information regarding their objectives and techniques from those clients, which may join viable regions, for instance, account and bookkeeping, arranging, operations, support, security, prosperity and condition, and quality verification any inside claim to fame unit or distinction point that will add to the movement's thriving. This approach influences Starbucks to guarantee openness of game plans and furthermore achieves chopping down aggregate cost, streamlined approaches and extended responsiveness to customers advancing requirements. Focus on the sum of total cost of proprietorship: Recognizing the aggregate cost of proprietorship requires looking a whole system of getting and utilizing the thing or organizations, something that can basically occur with speculation and commitment from both the purchaser and the merchant. Starbucks will set up an aggregate cost of proprietorship air as an objective that the supply alliance union needs to get a handle on and spread all through the whole venture. This is not the basic strategy, be that as it may, to convince association's legitimate specialist to truly sort out a motivator over cost. Put contracts under the supply chain activities: Purchasing and obtaining groups frequently arrange critical potential hold stores during the sourcing technique however never totally comprehend those venture reserves. The explanations for this move, yet they regularly consolidate a powerlessness to grant contract terms to the affected affiliations and a failure to screen contract consistency. The main advantage of this strategic plan will help Starbucks to the agreements are gathered and kept up in a central repository. Conclusion From the above report, it has been concluded that supply strategy is the important tool of every business and necessary to organization achievement and customer fulfillment. This report describes the supply chain management of Starbucks Company. The report explains the importance of supply strategy in Starbucks as it is a significant element in organizations activities and a necessary component to operational viability which can be followed to consumer fulfillment and organizations achievements. The supply strategy of Starbucks is like the backbone of a company which handles the difficult problems of the business organization, for example, fast development of multinational companies, worldwide expanding and ecological concerns which directly or indirectly influence the organization strategy. The study describes the main issues with the supply strategy in the Starbucks which create problems in the success of the Company. The report also evaluates the above issues and provides measures to overcome these issues with the supply strategy of Company. The study applied the procurement cycle which is a cyclical process of basic stages when purchasing goods or services in relating to the supply strategy of Starbucks. These procurement cycle theories help the organization to determine the opportunities and examine the suppliers which are dependent on sound ethical norms and standards. The report recommends some strategic plan which Starbucks can be adopted in order to improve its procurement process to become more competitive in the market. References Akintoye, A., Goulding, J. and Zawdie, G. eds., 2012.Construction innovation and process improvement. John Wiley Sons. Awaysheh, A. and Klassen, R.D., 2010. The impact of supply chain structure on the use of supplier socially responsible practices.International Journal of Operations Production Management,30(12), pp.1246-1268. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Chua, A.Y. and Banerjee, S., 2013. Customer knowledge management via social media: the case of Starbucks.Journal of Knowledge Management,17(2), pp.237-249. Davila, T., Epstein, M. and Shelton, R., 2012.Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it. FT press. Dhillon, B., 2013.Life cycle costing: techniques, models and applications. Routledge. Du, T.C., Lai, V.S., Cheung, W. and Cui, X., 2012. Willingness to share information in a supply chain: A partnership-data-process perspective.Information Management,49(2), pp.89-98. Flynn, B.B., Huo, B. and Zhao, X., 2010. The impact of supply chain integration on performance: A contingency and configuration approach.Journal of operations management,28(1), pp.58-71. Goldsmith, S., 2010.The power of social innovation: How civic entrepreneurs ignite community networks for good. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hong, P. and Kwon, H.B., 2012. Emerging issues of procurement management: a review and prospect.International Journal of Procurement Management 4,5(4), pp.452-469. Hugos, M.H., 2011.Essentials of supply chain management(Vol. 62). John Wiley Sons. Ivanov, D., 2010. An adaptive framework for aligning (re) planning decisions on supply chain strategy, design, tactics, and operations.International journal of production research,48(13), pp.3999-4017. Johnsen, T., Howard, M. and Miemczyk, J., 2014.Purchasing and supply chain management: A sustainability perspective. Routledge. Lee, C.K.M., Lin, D. and Pasari, R., 2014. Strategic procurement from forward contract and spot market.Industrial Management Data Systems,114(5), pp.778-796. Lehmann, C.F., 2012.Strategy and business process management: techniques for improving execution, adaptability, and consistency. CRC Press. Leung, J., Cheung, W. and Chu, S.C., 2014. Aligning RFID applications with supply chain strategies.Information Management,51(2), pp.260-269. Lo, S.M. and Power, D., 2010. An empirical investigation of the relationship between product nature and supply chain strategy.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,15(2), pp.139-153. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Nguyen, H., 2016. Supplier Selection Process in Caf Industry: Case: X Coffee vs. Starbucks. Parmigiani, A., Klassen, R.D. and Russo, M.V., 2011. Efficiency meets accountability: Performance implications of supply chain configuration, control, and capabilities.Journal of Operations Management,29(3), pp.212-223. Prajogo, D. and Olhager, J., 2012. Supply chain integration and performance: The effects of long-term relationships, information technology and sharing, and logistics integration.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), pp.514-522. Qi, Y., Zhao, X. and Sheu, C., 2011. The impact of competitive strategy and supply chain strategy on business performance: the role of environmental uncertainty.Decision Sciences,42(2), pp.371-389. Ross, R.B., Pandey, V. and Ross, K.L., 2015. Sustainability and strategy in US agri-food firms: An assessment of current practices.International Food and Agribusiness Management Review,18(1), pp.17-48. Smith, N.C., Palazzo, G. and Bhattacharya, C.B., 2010. Marketings consequences: Stakeholder marketing and supply chain corporate social responsibility issues.Business Ethics Quarterly,20(4), pp.617-641. Tate, W.L., Ellram, L.M. and Kirchoff, J.F., 2010. Corporate social responsibility reports: a thematic analysis related to supply chain management.Journal of supply chain management,46(1), pp.19-44. Umeda, Y., Takata, S., Kimura, F., Tomiyama, T., Sutherland, J.W., Kara, S., Herrmann, C. and Duflou, J.R., 2012. Toward integrated product and process life cycle planningAn environmental perspective.CIRP Annals-Manufacturing Technology,61(2), pp.681-702. Yeh, W.C. and Chuang, M.C., 2011. Using multi-objective genetic algorithm for partner selection in green supply chain problems.Expert Systems with applications,38(4), pp.4244-4253.

Communism (2628 words) Essay Example For Students

Communism (2628 words) Essay CommunismCommunism-The Ideal Society? Society is flawed. There are critical imbalances in it that are causing much of humanity to suffer. I suppose that this would be the driving force behind humanity’s relentless search to plan and create a perfect society. An essential part of having an unflawed society would be having a perfect government. Throughout history, we have always strived to find different types of governments that would work more efficiently and more fairly for the greater good of masses. Needless to say, communism is not often revered as an â€Å"ideal† form of government. There is almost a unanimous sense of hatred that is emitted from all non-communist countries when the topic of communism is brought up. Many countries and societies have enacted communism and some still uphold it to this day. This very controversial issue of communism strikes a major chord in people who have lived under it. Though I am no advocate of communism, I’d like to bring about the question of whether there maybe the possibility that there are benefits to this system of government. In, The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx is reacting to the quest for an ideal society by describing his vision of a perfectly balanced society, a communist society. Simply put, a communist society is one where all property is held in common. No one person has more than the other, but rather everyone shares in the fruits of their labors. Marx is writing of this society because, he believes it to be the best form of society possible. He believes that communism creates the correct balance between the needs of the individual, and the needs of society. He also believes that sometimes violence is necessary to reach the state of communism. This paper will reflect upon these two topics: the relationship of the individual and society, and the issue of violence, as each is portrayed in the manifesto. Before embarking upon these topics, it is necessary to establish a baseline from which to view these ideas. It is important to realize that in everything, humans view things from their own cultural perspective, thereby possibly distorting or misinterpreting work or idea. Marx mentions that, Your very ideas are but the outgrowth of the conditions of your bourgeois production and bourgeois property, just as your jurisprudence is but the will of your class made into a law for all, a will, whose essential character and direction are determined by the economical conditions of existence of your class (Marx 37). With this in mind, some perspective on the society of that time is vital. During Marx’s time the industrial revolution was taking place. There was a massive movement away from small farms, businesses operated out of homes, and small shops on the corner. Instead, machines were mass-producing products in giant factories, with underpaid workers. No longer did people need to have individual skills. It was only necessary that they could keep the machines going, and do small, repetitive work. The lower working class could no longer search for a tolerable existence in their own pursuits. They were lowered to working inhumane hours in these factories. This widened the rift between the upper and lower class-called bourgeois and proletariat, respectively-until they were essentially two different worlds. The bourgeois, a tiny portion of the population, has the majority of the wealth. Meanwhile the proletariat, the huge majority, has nothing. It is with this background that Marx begins. First, the topic of the individual and society will be discussed. This topic in itself can be broken down even further. First, the flaws with the current system in respect to the bourgeois and proletariat will be shown, thereby revealing the problems in the relationship between individual and society. Secondly, the way that communism addresses these issues, and the rights of the individual, as seen through the manifesto. Quite clearly, Marx is concerned with the organization of society. He sees that the majority of society, that is, the proletariat, exist in sub-human conditions. Marx also sees that the bourgeoisie has a disproportionate abundance of property and power, and that because of what they are, they abuse it. He writes of how the current situation with the bourgeoisie and proletariat developed. The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles (Marx 41). There have always been struggles between two classes, an upper and lower class. However, Marx speaks of the current order saying, It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx 42). The very nature of the bourgeoisie causes it to grow in size and power while the proletariat shrinks. Therefore the rift between the two is increased. Marx goes on to describe how this situation came about, with the industrial revolution and other factors. Modern industry has established the world-market, for which the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given an immense development to commerce, navigation, and communication by land. This development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and pushed into the background every class handed down from the Middle Ages. Censorship In The U.S.A Essay Marx has two things to say on this subject. First, violence in and of itself is not a good thing. Second, it may at times be necessary to achieve a greater good. First, lets establish Marxs position that violence in general should be avoided. Marx speaks of constant upheaval and violence in several places. â€Å"†¦oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes (Marx 45). Constant opposition, or violence results in the destruction of both forces, according to Marx. Constant upheaval and violence is not a good thing, it is detrimental to both the individual and society. However, in order to institute communism, (which is the greatest good according to Marx) a revolution is necessary. Revolution does not necessarily mean violence. However, in this case violence will be difficult to avoid, and Marx states that violence may be necessary. Marx wrote several passages regarding this. What is being described here is clearly nothing less than a revolution, a complete reversal in thought and society. Marx describes the first step in this revolution. We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy (Marx 64). So it is clear that the first step is to raise the proletariat to the ruling class, but how is this done? Marx writes that †¦we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway of the proletariat (Marx 56). He speaks directly of violence when he says that, If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organize itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old condition of production†¦ (Marx 75). If the proletariat is forced to violence, then violence should be taken, because it is for the greater good. Marx puts it all together in one final statement. In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things. (Marx 86). Putting things back into perspective again, it is vital to realize that this violence should be short lived, and only continue until the proletariat is in position to make some changes to society. Marx uses terms like ‘despotic inroads, ‘necessitate, and ‘unavoidable to describe the necessary violence. Violent acts are terrible things in and of themselves, but must be used at times for a greater good. However, in his ideal society, once communism has been reached there will be no more violence. History has shown and proven over and over again that communism is far from any concept of an â€Å"ideal† society. The demonstrations in Tienamen square and the Vietnam war are obvious examples that people who live in communism are not happy. Marx was not alive to witness either one of these occurrences (Internet source). After all this, however, it is clear that Marx makes some rather remarkable assumptions regarding human nature. First, he believes that it is inevitable that the proletariat will realize that things are not as they should be, and that something needs to be done about it. Secondly, he believes that people will know the correct amount of violence necessary to achieve their goals, and will not exceed that. Finally, he assumes that once the state of communism is reached, that there will be no dissenters that will try to take advantage of the situation and raise themselves up. The rule of Stalin and Lenin are good examples of people taking an opportunity to exploit and oppress. The idea of communism would appear to be just that, an idea, an ideal. It may not necessarily be bad to try to approach it, but because human nature is necessarily flawed in all likelihood communism will never be reached in full. However, even with all of this, the idea of communism has some good to it. Clearly it caused some reform in the area of capitalism, toning it down from what it was during the time of Marx. It has helped by acting as a mirror in which it is possible to see where society is making mistakes, and where a new balance must be struck between the needs of the individual, and the needs of society. Even an idea such as communism which may not be fully applicable can still have, and has had, a profound effect on future society and humankind. Politics Essays

Example research essay topic Art As A Science 1,607 words Essay Example

Example research essay topic: Art As A Science 1,607 words Essay As funding for education is decreased in certain areas and put to other uses, classes such as art and music have peen put on the back shelf. The idea is that they are not quite as important to a childs education as English, history, math, and science. Obviously, teachers of artistic classes feel that their jobs are important to the learning and development of the children that they work with, but others are quickly realizing the importance of arts in all aspects of human interaction. Crayola has recently released an ad campaign claiming that, Todays Crayola kid is tomorrows self confident adult (Crayola). They say, studies show that children who participate in the arts are more likely to say they feel good about themselves (Crayola). As the importance of art becomes more evident it might be necessary to view it in new perspective. Music and art are very mathematical. In the early 1400s, Leon Battista Alberti suggested painting be considered a Liberal Art with a scientific basis. In De Pictura he exposed optical perspective as a geometrical technique which could be applied by artists to their work (Science Art). Although art is viewed as a flowery pastime by most people, it can be seen in artistic discovery and advancements, through the recreation and entertainment that most people enjoy today, and through the lives and works of those we consider to be artists that art is amazingly concerned with science. The development of art forms such as photography were made possible because of scientific discoveries. The earliest photograph is attributed to Joseph-Nicephore Niepce. We will write a custom essay sample on Example research essay topic: Art As A Science 1,607 words specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Example research essay topic: Art As A Science 1,607 words specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Example research essay topic: Art As A Science 1,607 words specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although his first photograph was no where near as clear and glossy as what we would consider to be a photograph, his scientific discovery allowed for further development in the area. Robert Kunzig writes Niepce used particles o asphalt, hardened by the sun and rinsed in lavender oil to capture his pictures. Invented in 1824, Niepces camera had to be opened to the sun for at least eight hours (and sometimes as long as two full days) to expose its asphalt film. In the late 1830s, Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerres use of silver halide emulsions and development cut that time down to less than half an hour. (24) Without these scientists and their interest in creating and discovery the art world today would be missing out on all sorts of creative outlets like photography. Computers and advanced technology have made it possible to create film-work that continues to grow more and more accurate and lifelike. With the invention of computer animation, animators have been able to create scenes for movies in minutes rather than hours. Computer animation is not limited to cartoons but can also be used to create events that would have been dangerous or impossible to capture otherwise. Journalist Fenella Sauders, who spoke with Computer graphics scientist John Anderson, reports a lot of science went into making those monster waves in the film The Perfect Storm. Anderson says, The trick (in making a wave look more believable) is to cheat the physics. If you want a wave to break at a certain time, you have to manipulate it a significant amount of time ahead. You cant just come in and break it right then because it will look like the hand of God just came down and slapped the thing. (Hand God 11) Thanks to advancements in technology like computer animation people get closer and closer to realistically recreating reality. Games, although not always considered to be an art form, are making a new name for themselves as visual attractions when they meet architecture. Architecture and art have always been closely related. Most building are not only designed to be sturdy but also to be beautiful to the eye and to the soul. It is not uncommon to drive though a city and see a large mural painted on the side of a building. What is uncommon is to see a ten story Tetris game running on the side of a building, but students from Brown Universitys Technology House have made that sight a little more common. Fenella Saunders reports, several hundred people got to play the game, including Apple cofounder and Tetris whiz Steve Wozniak, who flew out for the event (Tetris 18). Move over Wyland. A new sort of action mural has moved in thanks to innovative technology. There has been a growing interest in science that can be seen in the entertainment world. Corey S. Powell, who has done research into science on stage reports that playwrights increasingly are turning to serious scientific themes, and audiences are responding with heartening enthusiasm (86). This isnt hard to imagine. The world is in a time running rampant with scientific discoveries and advancements. The science of the human makeup has been unfolded, and we are learning more and more everyday about what it is to be alive in the world. It is no wonder that humans want to interest themselves in the world of science not only in a research atmosphere but also in entertainment. Powell also gives a list of examples. Copenhagen, the 2000 Tony award winner for Best Play, is a searching meditation on quantum theory and the ethics of atomic research. Also hitting the New York stage in the past 12 months: David Auburns Proof, which examines the competition between father-and-daughter mathematicians, and Arthur Girons Moving Bodies, based on the life of famed physics eccentric Richard FeymanTom Stoppards 1994 Arcadia, a fanciful fusion of fractal geometry, historical investigation, and romance, has become a staple of community theaters around the United States. (86) Opening science up to the public in an interesting way makes science in the entertainment realm definitely a positive movement. Many of the people thought of as scientists are also artists, or vise versa. James Herriot, who has written many childrens stories and a number of novels on animals, is also a veterinarian. Herriots book are a retelling of the events he encounters in his practice, but they are not at all dull and to the point with no extra flower, as many people might think of person of scientific mind would write. His stories are colorful and poetic which makes them loveable to all ages of people everywhere. Leonardo Da Vinci who was a brilliant painter was also a sculptor, an architect, and a man of science who did serious investigations into the natural and physical sciences, mathematics, mechanics, and engineering. More than 300 years before flying machines were perfected, Leonardo devised plans for prototypes of an airplane and a helicopter. His extensive studies of human anatomy were portrayed in anatomical drawings, which were among the most significant achievements of Renaissance science ( Da Vinci ). Its a good thing that Leonardo Da Vinci was also a man of the arts or he would never have been able to leave behind his wonderful sketches, and that would have been devastating for both the arts and science. One of Leonardos paintings the Mona Lisa is known world wide to children and adults a like. Even if a person what not able to describe what the painting looked like they would at least recognize the name. Not only did Leonardo Da Vinci paint and sculpt but he also wrote music. A Renaissance man is a person who is accomplished in many different areas, and the term was coined to describe the genius of Leonardo Da Vinci (Da Vinci). Another man who is known by all Americans and much of the world is Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin was a printer, a diplomat, a scientist, an inventor, a philosopher, an educator, and a public servant. He invented the lightning rod and amazed scientists throughout the world with his experiments in electricity. He also helped to draft both the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution (Franklin). Herriot, Da Vinci, and Franklin like so many of the worlds great men and women are not interested in just one area of academics. So many are poets and inventors, painters and researchers, writers and mathematicians. It is not solely important to be an expert in one area, but almost necessary to be accomplished in as many different things as possible to truly understand the nature of anything. When schools deny children the opportunities to study art, music, and other creative outlets they are denying the children the opportunity to develop in all areas. The basic academic areas of English, history, math, and science are jam packed with all sorts of artistic opportunities. Art like science allows people to create. Writing and English allow people to express their thoughts. Music and math allow people to break down, add up and explain other areas of life. History is the greatest reflection of man kinds art and creation throughout the years. One area of study can not make such as large impact as they can all together. It is a shame to deny anyone the opportunity to cultivate an intense amount of information, in effect limiting the impact they can make on society. If the budget does not allow for extra classes such as music and art the answer is not to eliminate these areas from the curriculum all together, but rather integrate them into other subject areas. Where would we be if the great people of our history had not been Renaissance men? Bibliography: Works Cited Crayola Commercial. July 2000. Da Vinci, Leonardo. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia. CD-Rom. Comptons NewMedia, Inc., 1995. Franklin, Benjamin. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia. CD-Rom. Comptons NewMedia, Inc., 1995. Kunzig, Robert. Focus! Discover Aug. 2000: 24-27. Powell, Corey S. Science Acts Out. Discover Aug. 2000: 86-88. Saunders, Fenella. Avoiding the Hand of God Look at the Movies. Discover Aug. 2000: 11. . Tower of Tetris. Discover Aug. 2000: 18. Science used in Art. ThinkQuest. Home page. 18 July, 2000 ..

The Brave New World Response Paper Essay Example

The Brave New World Response Paper Essay Example The Brave New World Response Paper Paper The Brave New World Response Paper Paper Essay Topic: Brave New World After reading the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley I realized that this is no ordinary story. It predicts a future overpowered by technology and government and where the people have no true freedom of choice. This book made me think about whether the utopia depicted in the novel would be a perfect place to live or a terrible place to live. It is hard to distinguish where the line is drawn between making life simpler and losing the meaning of life. Although some may look upon this type of life with envy I personally would rather have to work hard and earn my living than to lose the chance to make my own destiny. The first thing that made me dislike the idea of this utopia was the fact that the government overpowered the world and took over every single aspect of it, causing the loss of freedom. Never having to worry about a job or food or the basic needs of life is something most people would appreciate as is the case in this society but at the same time it is not worth losing all of your freedoms for. Freedom is more important to happiness than having wants and needs automatically satisfied. One freedom that is taken away in the story is religion. I feel that religion plays an important role in peoples lives. It represents our principles and values. We choose to believe in what we want based on our own ideals not the ideals that someone else has imposed on us. Mustapha Mond when referring to the Holy Bible says that theyre old; theyre about God hundreds of years ago. Not about God Now (Huxley 237). Mustapha Mond is saying that with the evolution of time the need for religion has disappeared and has been replaced by the worship of one man who is Ford, the very person who is responsible for the construction of this controlling, freedom-less society. In this civilization, the people are isolated from one another, divided into five different classes which in descending order according to rank in society include Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. In every society of our world there are classes of people of all sorts, we are all essentially genuine in our own ways but to have these classes so defined as in the brave new world is a crime. No one is given the chance to move up and make more of themselves. The members of each class are ranked according to their mental capacity and physical appearance which are also predetermined before their birth. This seems that it would take away all individual motivation and dreams. If you think about it sometimes dreams are all we have. It is unfair that even before you are born your future is already written out for you. Another reason I do not see brave new world as a utopia is the conditioning of the people which has lead them to a lack of individuality and care for each other’s well-being. Due to their conditioning, they do not fear death but accept it as a way of life, they view life as expendable. This goes against the most basic of human instincts. If the loss of a life means nothing, wouldn’t that convey the idea that the life itself meant nothing? The people in the book are also deprived of their history, culture, and background. According to my views, these things are an unquestionably important aspect of life and I would go so far as to say that I could not live without them. If the people of the brave new world were granted these things that signify individuality and freedom such as the ability to create their own culture, it leaves the possibility for revolution which is the very reason they are not given ability to obtain them. The society also feels that parents, family, and friends are primitive but these are all essential to a happy society in my view. In our world, parents pass on to their children their own values and principles, what they may become as a result of their upbringing could be anything, it is not predetermined therefore they control their own destiny making them free. Emotional attachment to another person and monogamy is discouraged by the utopian society and considered improper, this is wrong to me, love and care for others is what makes our world so great. This discouragement is described through this excerpt from the text, Four months of Henry Foster, without having another man why, hed be furious! If he knew (Huxley 40). Lenina, a character in the book, is being frowned upon for being with one man for an extended period of time. This idea that relationships and attachment are bad restrains people from getting too emotionally involved and putting their loved ones needs before the societys. In the utopian society, youre so conditioned that you cannot help doing what you ought to do (Huxley 244). Thanks to their conditioning, nobody even considers fighting for themselves. All of this is what makes our world what it is today, all of which are repressed in the brave new world. Another example that led me to feel the way I do about this novel is the character of Bernard Marx. Bernard is an alpha-plus and therefore should be living the good life but even though his mental status is that of an Alpha-plus, his physical appearance is similar to that of an Epsilon. He is described in this excerpt, They say somebody made a mistake when he was still in the bottlethought he was a Gamma and put alcohol into his blood-surrogate (Huxley 46 ). He quickly becomes an outcast and does not get along with the opposite sex. This shows that even in this society there are imperfections and racism, so even in the â€Å"perfect society†, the bad aspects of our world remain just in a more subtle, unrecognized manner. One can clearly see that even though this world in the novel may seem perfect to its inhabitants, it is absent of free will, self-choice, and free thought. Is that really perfect? It was best said by Mustapha Mond, The key to happiness is enjoying who you are and what you do. In a society where who you are and what you do is not defined by your own actions but forced upon you by someone else means that the true happiness of life does not exist.

Performance improvement in Public Private Partnerships Essay

Performance improvement in Public Private Partnerships - Essay Example Public-private financing alters the type of knowledge yielded along with the collaborative conduct of partners, with those companies in partnership cooperating 3.2 times more regularly (Mansfield 2009). The unique type of funding within the public-private partnerships indeed assuages capital constraints that in turn not only upsurges the financial feasibility of a company by augmenting the prospect of its survival, as well as increasing the company’s headcount (Fleming & Sorenson 2007). These outcomes are experienced during the mid-term span of the company since financing is focused towards certain innovative projects, which take a number of years to cultivate and market (Mansfield 2009). Through employing such underwriting programs, governments are capable of motivating companies to undertake basic technological projects. This augments a company’s aptitude to oversee the technological landscape, but also generate basic research competences, which enable prompter and mo re efficient recognition of spill over opportunities into more applied activities (Kerr, Lerner & Schoar 2011). The conversion of basic technological research leads towards commercialized technology yields from companies with the affiliated benefits to economic growth and employment is an objective shared by numerous policy makers as well as business leaders (Kerr, Lerner & Schoar 2011). The efficiency of an outstandingly effective financing as well as intervention model is seen in the efficacy of the Public-private partnership policy making. By specifically requesting potential private and public sector, associates to emerge and go through an appliance screening procedure followed with a cooperation model, which puts a heavy prominence on cross-boundary operations (Murray 2002). The company under review is adept to reap remarkably higher earnings over a transitional span in job progression, innovative output, in addition to cross-boundary teamwork, which likely will add to a worthy cycle of improved future productions (Fleming & Sorenson 2007). On a policy perspective, by affording public-private partnership financing schemes, governments can motivate firms to undertake basic science projects (Kerr, Lerner & Schoar 2011). This potentially aids with the unrestricted-rider problem in suitability, the deficiency of economic inducements for private companies to embark on such projects because of the incapability to seize all the remunerations from such rudimentary research. As a technique to help firms to stay competitive, administrations can deem this tactic as a hypothetically powerful policy implement (Agrawal & Henderson 2002). Governance Structures Insufficient governance structures have been revealed as causative factor for unsuccessful companies. The grave governance links, which rise in companies where technical-shrewdness, is at jeopardy and suitable dispute resolve needs to ensue (Murray 2002). The one influence for risk transfer occurring is effective governance system. Public-private partnership intricate transactions requirements generate an intrinsic need for precision pertaining to decision-making as

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See below - Essay Example Jurisdiction over the subject. For the ECJ to have jurisdiction over a case, such a case must be concerned with a subject over whom the ECJ has jurisdiction. There are only three subjects over which ECJ has jurisdiction namely: the interpretation of any of the provisions of the European Union Treaty; when the question calls for the interpretation or validity of the acts of any of the EU commissions or the European Union Bank (EUB), and lastly; the interpretation of statutes or laws passed by a body which has been established by the Council, but only if the statute or law so provides that it shall be subject to ECJ’s interpretation (Lazowski 2007). Fulfillment of jurisdictional requirements by the referring body. There are three things which the referring body must meet or possess before the ECJ accepts any referral from it under Art. 234 and these are the following: the body referring the question to the ECJ must necessarily be a â€Å"court or tribunal of a member state†; the question being referred to is concerned with the validity and interpretation of the Community law, and; the resolution of the question being referred to the ECJ is necessary so the court of origin can render its decision (Lazowski 2007). The determination of whether a body is a court or tribunal is a very important factor because it is one of the basic qualifications and requirement in reference under Art 234. The terms â€Å"court or tribunal’ has no fixed definition under any statutory law but only in case laws where the ECJ itself has defined it through a number of cases. In the case of Abrahamsson C-407/98, the ECJ held: â€Å" In order to determine whether a body making a reference is a court or tribunal for the purposes of Article 1777 (now Art 234) of the Treaty, which is a question governed by the Community law alone, the Court takes account of a number of factors, such as whether the body is established by law, whether it is

Theoretical relationships between market structure and bank Essay

Theoretical relationships between market structure and bank performance - Essay Example Besides, most banking institutions are failing to engage with customers due to the rising competition from other customers. As opposed to this, it remains the duty of the bank to re- arrange itself in order to beat the other competitive banks in the market. For instance such a bank needs to sell its services well to its potential clients outside through sales representatives ( Gutek, Barbara, & Theresa, 2000). The market structure is normally very sensitive for any institution to sell its services to the publics. The banking institutions at time sell customer products and services they do not comprehend. This makes it easier for banks to really charge these services rather than focus on customer needs which is the most important aspect in the market. High concentration in market encourages organizations to collude. A bank in a more concentrated market will earn higher profits than a bank operating in a less concentrated area ( Etro,2009). In order a bank to know the relation that exi sts between market structure and their performance it should employ or investigate the effects that are caused by changes in the structure or formation of the market. There are two theories that are used to explain how a bank can determine its profitability and understand better its relation with the market structure. They are namely; the structure-conduct- performance (SCP) and the efficient-structure (E-S) hypotheses. The bank will also use the following measures to evaluate the banks performance; return on asset (ROA), return on capital and return on capital ( Baligh, 1997). Structure-conduct-performance theory Structure-conduct -theory determines the degree of a firn’s performance....Most banks may therefore end up in lobbying in order to stop or delay the success of any competitive policy. The market power may however be lost if banking institutions establish non-competitive prices in their products and services. This theory mainly uses market share to measure efficient structure hypothesis. This hypothesis is negatively related with profitability. Market power is the ability of a company to control the prices in the market by manipulating the demand or the supply of goods and services or both. The ability of a company to control prices can have a negative effect on the bank performance due to lower interest rates that will have to be charged on the clients when acquiring loans from the commercial banks. This is due to monopoly in provision o services and goods which money supply low ( Etro,2009). â€Å"Quiet life hypothesis† indicates that the banks tend to enjoy the market power through foregone revenues and the savings on the costs, while the â€Å"efficient structure hypothesis† describes companies are able to make bigger profits into the company than their competitors due to maximum efficiency and not sales or provision of services.

The crime scene is most important area of forensic science

The crime scene is most important area of forensic science Forensic science is science used for the purpose of the law (White 2010), it has three main phases, which are, the recovery of evidence from the crime scene, forensic examination of the evidence at the laboratory and the presentation of evidence test results in court (Jackson 2008). A crime scene is any location or locations which contain evidence that can help with a criminal investigation. Therefore, a crime scene can take many forms, it can be indoors or outdoors, i.e. a road accident or a burglary and it can consist of just a finger mark or it can include acres of land. Subsequently, many types of evidence can be found at a crime scene, from the smallest fibres which are invisible to the naked eye, to something as obvious as a broken window. It is up to the scene of crime officers (SOCOs) to gather relevant physical evidence to send to the forensic laboratory for further examination (Jackson 2008). Forensic laboratories are either provided within the police service (known as the forensic science service department (FSS)) or by independent forensic services which offer different areas of expertise depending on specialist equipment and expert scientists in any given field (Jackson 2008). Hence, forensic laboratories cover a broad area of expertise which include: Pathology, which would for example be involved in cases of rape or unnatural death; firearms experts, who among other things would be involved in examining bullets found at a crime scene; and questioned documents experts, who would be involve in cases of fraud (Eckert 1996). The forensic scientist is responsible for providing a report of the evidence that can used in court, it must be written so that those that are unfamiliar with scientific terms can still understand the conclusion of the results. This essay aims to explore the importance of the work carried out at the crime scene in comparison with the work carried out by the forensic laboratory, in order to establish whether the crime scene is the most important area of forensic science. The crime scene is important because, if dealt with carefully, it can provide the physical evidence which is needed to build a criminal case against a suspect. The evidence recovered from a crime scene can be used in various ways, including: to establish if a crime has in fact occurred, as this is not always obvious at first glance, for instance, in the case of a fire scene it would need to be established if the fire was started either accidentally or deliberately; identification, evidence can help to identify the victim, offender and any other persons that may be involved in the crime; To corroborate or refute statements and to gather intelligence in order to make associations between different crime scenes and to find any links between the persons involved (White 2010). In order to produce such crucial evidence a crime scene is generally separated into two categories depending on the seriousness of the crime committed; less serious crimes such as burglary would be classified as a v olume crime and more serious crimes such as murder would be classified as a serious crime, and so crime scenes which involve volume crimes are typically investigated by a lone scene examiner and serious crimes typically involve a team of scene examiners (Jackson 2008). Only reliable and impartial evidence can be used in court, therefore the evidence samples recovered from a crime scene need to be properly handled, preserved, packaged and transferred throughout the whole process of investigation. This careful process is known as the chain of continuity and needs to be demonstrated in order for the forensic laboratory to gain valid evidence which can be used in juridical proceedings (White 2010). Therefore, in order to recover valid and useable evidence the most important rule of a crime scene after preserving life is to preserve the scene of evidence in order to prevent contamination (White 210). The crime scene must be defined, secured and cordoned off, allowing as few people as possible entry and a scene log should be used to record those that do enter. Inside the perimeter of the crime scene a forensically cleared common approach path (CAP) is established by using either scene tape or stepping plates or a combination of both. The CAP enables access to the investigators whilst preventing contamination of the evidence by keeping everyone to a designated route which avoids disturbing that of the offender whenever possible. Also, anyone who enters the crime scene must wear protective clothing, including over-shoes, gloves (preferably two pairs as the first can be contaminated just by putting them on), scene suits, head covers and masks, which must always be changed into bef ore entering or leaving a crime scene. This is to prevent foreign matter being brought into the crime scene and also to prevent evidence from being transferred elsewhere; both of which can compromise the investigation (white 2010). The crime scene is the first link in the chain of investigation and if any evidence is compromised then so is the whole investigation. Therefore, In order for evidence to be used in court it must be carefully and systematically handled throughout the investigative process; the continuity of evidence must be sustained from when it is recovered at the crime scene, throughout its transference to the forensic laboratory and then into court, where the evidence will be scrutinised by the defence (Eckert 1996). The forensic laboratory is an important part of the criminal investigation because it examines the evidence that is found at the crime scene and on victims and suspects, in order to find a link that can be used as expert evidence in court. Forensic examination aims to validate the evidence found at the crime scene with scientific proof that can withstand harsh cross-examining in court. Forensic analysis can support a criminal investigation in many ways, among others, it can prove that a crime has been committed, by identifying drugs or alcohol in a persons blood stream, it can provide investigative leads, for example, by identifying a blood type or shoe size, and it can help identify a suspect via DNA in seminal fluid (Jackson 2008). Laboratories offer different fields of expertise depending on the many different types of evidence they examine (Eckert 1996). For example, the toxicology and drug identification laboratory would be used to test drugs and poisons and the forensic serolog y laboratory would be used for the analysis of body fluids, such as blood and semen (white 2010). Therefore, the laboratory plays an important role in the investigative process, but unless due care and continuity has taken place to preserve the evidence at all stages of the investigation, i.e. preservation, documentation, storage and transportation, then the work carried out at the laboratory is discredited.. Therefore all recovered evidence must be carefully labelled and stored appropriately, different sample types must be stored in different ways, for example, blood stains need to be air dried before packaging so as to avoid bacterial activity which can hinder the analysis (Eckert 1996). Continuity forms, notes and labels must be properly filled out and it is important that the relationship between the physical evidence and the crime scene is maintained, through photographs, diagrams and written notes. Also, good communication between the SOCOs and the laboratory examiners is important in developing a good understanding of the crime (Jackson2008). The crime scene is the first link in the chain and the whole of the forensic investigation process can be rendered useless if the correct procedures are not followed. Therefore, continuity throughout the whole process of investigation is paramount in order to keep the validity of the evidence so that it can be used in juridical proceedings. The crime scene is an important area of forensic science because it is the starting point of the whole criminal investigation, all consequent areas follow on from it and if mistakes are made here then there will be repercussions throughout the whole process. The crime scene is the most important area from which evidence samples are gathered because without this evidence the forensic laboratory would have nothing to work with. Conversely, without the scientific skills of the laboratory much of the recovered evidence would be fruitless; some evidence can be analysed without a laboratory but it takes more time and is less efficient. In conclusion, both the crime scene and the forensic laboratory are important areas of forensic science and when they work together effectively they can be the deciding factor in a criminal court case. However, even without the use of a forensic laboratory the crime scene would be a useful source of evidence but in contrast the forensic laboratory would be rendered useless without the evidence samples that are supplied from the crime scene. Consequently, the crime scene is the most important area of forensic science.

Dark Hart :: Essays Papers

Dark Hart Dark Hart is a fantasy story. It happens in Chicago in the late 20th century. The main characters of the story are Justinian and Lt. Sandra McCormick. Justinian or Justin as he is called has a long past. He was born in England in the fourteenth century, he was a lord then. When the Black Death came he, his wife Gwendolyne and his kids got ill. His wife and kids died from the plague but he survived. He survived because when he was dying a dragon appeared in his mirror and offered him immortality which he accepted. But the price of immortality was eternal service to the dragon. Now Justin lives in his night club in Chicago called Gwendolyne’s Flight. Still serving his dragon master. Sandra is a homicide detective in Chicago. She is divorced and lives with her younger brother Benny. Sandra is investigating strange murders which seem to be comitted by the same person. She has few and very strange clues. She tries to clear her head and go’s out where she meets Justin and gets involved with him. With time she gets closer to the unbelievable truth that dragons exist and that Justin is the murderer that she is trying to find. She also discovers that he can chance into a dragonling (some sort of mini dragon) that has many strange powers. As she gets closer to the truth the dragon gets angrier at Justin for not killing her to conceal the dragons existence and makes Justin feel more and more pain as he delays it. Mean wile Kalsar one of the dragons servant who hates Justin makes it harder for Justin to hide the truth from Sandra. When Sandra has discovered the truth Justin tries to convince her to join the dragon and become immortal. While she is thinking about it Justin convinces her brother to join the dragon and he accepts. When she finds out she gets mad and does not want to talk to him. Mean wile Kalsar tries to kill her to help Justin please the dragon. But Justin manages to hold him of but when she refuses to join the dragon the dragon makes Justin feel so much pain that he cant resist killing Sandra.

Frederick Taylor’s influence in contemporary management Essay

The theories of Frederick W. Taylor’s Scientific Management proposed in Edwin A. Locke’s (1982) â€Å"The Ideas of Frederick W. Taylor An evaluation† point to Taylor’s tremendous influence on modern-day management. Because Taylor developed this principle in the early 1900’s focusing mainly on scientific decision-making and individualized work while working with manufacturing industry, it poses questions on it’s validity in the modern-day management and how effective his techniques in employer-employee relationship. this posed a lot of Locke indicates that Taylor’s Scientific Management theory led to the beginning of modern management principles and methods that are still being used by many managers around the world (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). There are 2 key elements of his theory – that is scientific Decision-making and management-labor cooperation. Locke (1982) provided a summary of these concepts wherein he agreed that most of Taylor’s philosophies and techniques in these 2 aspects are widely embraced in the management industry. 1. Scientific Decision-Making a. Time and Motion Study i. Taylor arrived at this technique facing challenges on efficiency in the manufacturing industries with the goal to increase profits (Kulesza et al., 2011). b. Standardization i. This focused on creating standard tools and procedures c. Goal-setting i. Originally called the task and believed to be the model used for development of Management by Objectives (MBO) technique by Pierre Dupont and the term Organizational Behavior modification (OB Mod) d. Money as a motivator i. Taylor believes that workers are motivated with the reward of money. e. Management’s responsibility for training i. Is a technique that advocates management experts are responsible for training of workers. f. Scientific selection i. To achieve efficiency and expectations, Taylor developed the idea of ‘first-class laborer’ (Zuffo, 2011) g. Shorter work week and rest pauses i. The pig iron handlers experiment lead Taylor to conclude that employees needs rest in between the working hours to be more productive. 2. Management and Labor Relationship a. This involves the Individualized work technique wherein Taylor opposed the power of group work rather he believed that Individual task is the most effective way for employees to perform their jobs. Taylor’s scientific approach did not escape criticisms from other theorists. One of the known accusations of his works is treating employees as machines and his antiunionism (Locke, 1982). Also, the theory of human interaction developed by Mary Parker Follett is one of the principles that opposes his Individualized work technique. Follett argues that people working in groups results in greater creativity and moderation of behavior (Fox, 1968). Peter Drucker’s management by objective (MBO) concept also shows an opposition on his works. His proposal includes employees’ engagement in goal-setting (Vohra & Mukul, 2009). Despite earning criticisms on his concept, Taylor’s contribution in the modern-day management is evident in different areas such as cost accounting and lean manufacturing. Kulesza et al., (2011) stated that Taylor’s concepts paved the way to the advancement of management accounting essential to the manufacturing industry and became the foundation of the Lean manufacturing most especially his time and motion technique. Locke’s (1989) summary of Taylor’s principles presented a clearer view of the weight of his influence in the contemporary management. Despite the other theories that oppose some of Taylor’s concepts, no one will argue that his contribution to management is widely accepted. Given that the reason he developed the principle of scientific management is to achieve more productivity and profits which is the same goal of every company, that his  concepts are developed to achieve this goal as the time advances. Also, there is no doubt that his work is used as a pattern in developing advanced concepts to fit the modern-day management as seen in Management Accounting. The impact of his dictatorial role of the manager was to create resentment between employees and employer (Derksen, 2014) it is in this area of the role of management and the contribution of employees to decision-making that people like Follett and Drucker disagree with Taylor. By allowing employees to contribute creatively to decision-making is not only a way to increase production but also to improve employee relations. References Derksen, M. (2014). Turning Men Into Machines? Scientific Management, Industrial Psychology, And The â€Å"Human Factor†. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 50. 148 – 165. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/store/10.1002/jhbs.21650/asset/jhbs21650.pdf?v=1&t=i0273cql&s=2b430ae6922ccb1c82be31594b71a702658ccc15 Fox, E.M. (1968). Mary Parker Follet: The Enduring Contribution. Public Administration Review, 28, 520. Kulesza, M. G., Weaver, P. Q., & Friedman, S. (2011). Frederick W. Taylor’s Presene in 21st Century Management Accounting Systems and Work Process Theories. Journal of Business and Management, 17, 105 – 119. Locke, E.A. (1982). The Ideas of Frederick W. Taylor: An Evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 7, 14 – 24. Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I., & Coulter, M. (2012). Management, 6th Edition. Sydney, Australia: Pearson Australia. Vohra, N., & Mukul, K. (2009). Relevance of Peter Drucker’s Work: Celebrating Drucker’s 100th Birthday. The Journal for Decision Makers, 34, 1 – 7. Wren, D.A. (2011). The Centennial of Frederick W. Taylor’s The Principles of Scientific Management: A Retrospective Commentary. Journal of Business & Management, 17, 11 – 22. Zuffo, R. G. (2011). Taylor is Dead, Hurray Taylor! The â€Å"Human Factor† in Scientific Management: Between Ethics, Scientific Psychology and Common Sense. Journal of Business and Management, 17, 23 – 41.

The Bengal Region

The Bengal Region Bengal is a region in the northeastern Indian Subcontinent, defined by the river delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers. This rich agricultural land has long supported one of the densest human populations on Earth, despite the danger from floods and cyclones. Today, Bengal is divided between the nation of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. In the larger context of Asian history, Bengal played a key role in ancient trade routes as well as during the Mongol invasion, British-Russian conflicts, and the spread of Islam to Eastern Asia. Even the distinct language, called Bengali or Bangla - which is an eastern Indo-European language and a linguistic cousin of Sanskrit - spread throughout much of the Middle East, with about 205 million native speakers. Early History The derivation of the word Bengal or  Bangla  is unclear, but it appears to be quite ancient. The most convincing theory is that it comes from the name of the Bang  tribe, Dravidic-speakers who settled the river delta sometime around 1000 B.C. As part of the Magadha region, the early Bengal population shared a passion for arts, sciences, and literature and are credited with the invention of chess as well as the theory that the Earth orbits the Sun. During this time, the main religious influence came from Hinduism and ultimately shaped early politics through the fall of the Magadha era, around 322 B.C. Until the Islamic conquest of 1204 - which placed Bengal under control of the Delhi Sultanate - Hindu remained the regions main religion and through trade with Arab Muslims introduced Islam far earlier to their culture, this new Islamic controlled to the spread of Sufism in Bengal, a practice of mystic Islam which still dominates the regions culture to this day. Independence and Colonialism By 1352, though, the city-states in the region managed to unify again as one nation, Bengal, under its ruler Ilyas Shah. Alongside the Mughal  Empire, the newly founded Bengal Empire served as the subcontinents strongest economic, cultural and trade powers - its sea ports meccas of commerce and exchanges of traditions, art, and literature. In the 16th century, European traders began to arrive at Bengals port cities, bringing with them western religion and customs as well as new goods and services. However, by 1800 the British East India Company controlled the most military power in the region and Bengal fell back to colonial control. Around 1757 to 1765, the central government and military leadership in the region fell to BEIC control. Constant rebellion and political unrest shaped the course of the next 200 years, but Bengal remained - for the most part - under foreign rule until India gained independence in 1947, taking with it West Bengal - which was formed along religious lines and left Bangladesh its own country as well. Current Culture and Economy The modern-day geographic region of Bengal - which encompasses West Bengal in India and Bangladesh -   is primarily an agricultural region, producing such staples as rice, legumes, and high-quality tea. It also exports jute. In Bangladesh, manufacturing is becoming increasingly important to the economy, particularly the garment industry, as are remittances sent home by overseas workers. The Bengali people are divided by religion. Around 70 percent are Muslim due to Islam first being introduced in the 12th century by  Sufi  mystics, who took control of much of the region, at least in terms of shaping government policy and national religion; the remaining 30 percent of the population is mostly  Hindu.